This post's problem is a riddle much like that of problem #09!
Statement: Alice and three other friends were casually strolling in the Mathsland when they were caught trespassing private property. In the Mathsland all crimes are severely punished because all offenders are given a chance to win their freedom: they are given a riddle and if they solve it they are absolved; otherwise they are executed. When Alice and Bob, Charles and Diana where caught trespassing, the Maths Hatter was the one who was to create their riddle. He did as follows: Alice was locked in an isolated room and Bob, Charles and Diana were taken to a staircase, which one of them put on a step and facing forward. He also took two black hats and two white hats and put one on each of the friends. He told them: each one of you has a hat from a set of two black and two white hats; you are not allowed to move nor talk with eachother; if any of you is able to tell the colour of its hat then you are all freed.
(The friends are placed as in the above picture, with Bob being only able to see Charles and Diana's hats; Charles only being able to see Diana's and with both Diana and Alice not being able to see a single hat).
Will the friends be able to free themselves? How?
Solution: either Charles and Diana have hats of the same colour, or not. If their hats are of the same colour (say they are both black), then Bob can see two black hats and will be able to deduce his own hat has to be white (just like Alice's).
If Charles and Diana have hats of different colours (say Diana has a white hat and Charles a black hat) then Bob won't be able to tell the colour of his hat, meaning he won't say a thing. After a while, Charles will understand Bob is still silent and thinks: "if Bob hasn't guessed his own hat it means Diana and me have hats of different colours, because if our hats had the same colour he would know what to do". Therefore, Charles concludes his hat is black because he sees Diana with a white hat.
Bonus question: if we have an infinite queue of mathematicians, each one of them with a black or white hat AND if all mathematicians can see every other mathematician's hat AND if they can all communicate with each other, is there a strategy to be followed by them in order to ensure only a finite number of mathematicians guesses wrong?
Solution for the bonus question: (assuming the Axiom of Choice) when we look at each matematician's hat we can create a sequence of 0s and 1s. For example, if everyone has a white hat except for the first three mathematicians, then we would have the sequence (1,1,1,0,0,⋯). Let us say two sequences are alike if they are the same except for a finite number of positions. As an example, the sequence we get when all mathematicians have a white hat and the previous sequence are alike because they differ only in the first three positions: (0_,0_,0_,0,0,⋯).
For any sequence S we can think of all the other sequences with which S is alike. Let us call that group of alike sequences [S]. What the mathematicians must do is: for every single group [S] they must pick a sequence they like and memorize it. When they are given the hats, they must look at their colleagues and recognize in which group [S] their hat sequence belongs. Then they will remember the sequence they all memorized from that group and each mathematician will say his hat is of the colour corresponding to his position on the memorized sequence. Only a finite number of mathematicians guesses wrong because the sequence they will recreate and the real sequence are alike, i.e. they differ only in a finite number of positions.
Statement: Alice and three other friends were casually strolling in the Mathsland when they were caught trespassing private property. In the Mathsland all crimes are severely punished because all offenders are given a chance to win their freedom: they are given a riddle and if they solve it they are absolved; otherwise they are executed. When Alice and Bob, Charles and Diana where caught trespassing, the Maths Hatter was the one who was to create their riddle. He did as follows: Alice was locked in an isolated room and Bob, Charles and Diana were taken to a staircase, which one of them put on a step and facing forward. He also took two black hats and two white hats and put one on each of the friends. He told them: each one of you has a hat from a set of two black and two white hats; you are not allowed to move nor talk with eachother; if any of you is able to tell the colour of its hat then you are all freed.
(The friends are placed as in the above picture, with Bob being only able to see Charles and Diana's hats; Charles only being able to see Diana's and with both Diana and Alice not being able to see a single hat).
Will the friends be able to free themselves? How?
Solution: either Charles and Diana have hats of the same colour, or not. If their hats are of the same colour (say they are both black), then Bob can see two black hats and will be able to deduce his own hat has to be white (just like Alice's).
If Charles and Diana have hats of different colours (say Diana has a white hat and Charles a black hat) then Bob won't be able to tell the colour of his hat, meaning he won't say a thing. After a while, Charles will understand Bob is still silent and thinks: "if Bob hasn't guessed his own hat it means Diana and me have hats of different colours, because if our hats had the same colour he would know what to do". Therefore, Charles concludes his hat is black because he sees Diana with a white hat.
Bonus question: if we have an infinite queue of mathematicians, each one of them with a black or white hat AND if all mathematicians can see every other mathematician's hat AND if they can all communicate with each other, is there a strategy to be followed by them in order to ensure only a finite number of mathematicians guesses wrong?
Solution for the bonus question: (assuming the Axiom of Choice) when we look at each matematician's hat we can create a sequence of 0s and 1s. For example, if everyone has a white hat except for the first three mathematicians, then we would have the sequence (1,1,1,0,0,⋯). Let us say two sequences are alike if they are the same except for a finite number of positions. As an example, the sequence we get when all mathematicians have a white hat and the previous sequence are alike because they differ only in the first three positions: (0_,0_,0_,0,0,⋯).
For any sequence S we can think of all the other sequences with which S is alike. Let us call that group of alike sequences [S]. What the mathematicians must do is: for every single group [S] they must pick a sequence they like and memorize it. When they are given the hats, they must look at their colleagues and recognize in which group [S] their hat sequence belongs. Then they will remember the sequence they all memorized from that group and each mathematician will say his hat is of the colour corresponding to his position on the memorized sequence. Only a finite number of mathematicians guesses wrong because the sequence they will recreate and the real sequence are alike, i.e. they differ only in a finite number of positions.
- RGS
Problem #10 - Alice and the Maths Hatter
Reviewed by Unknown
on
April 22, 2018
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