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Problem #09 - greedy pirates


Statement: Captain Jack Girão was the most feared pirate of the 15th century. He was accompanied by 9 toothless pirates and they pillaged every ship that sailed their seas. Besides having perfect logic reasoning, all the pirates were sadistic! Whenever they had a chance, they would throw a fellow pirate to the sea so they could watch him swim with the sharks. Besides that, all pirates loved gold. One day Captain Jack Girão and his crew pillaged a ship from where they took 30 gold coins. Captain Jack Girão, dangerous but democratic, summoned a meeting to distribute the recently acquired gold. The meeting he summoned had the following rules:
  1. The Captain proposes a certain distribution of the gold coins and every pirate has to vote if they approve said distribution or not.
  2. If half or more of the votes are in favour the proposed distribution takes place. If not, the Captain is sent to swim with the sharks, the most experienced pirate becomes the Captain and then the meeting goes back to 1.

What distribution should Captain Jack Girão propose in order to maximize his own profits and to keep his life?

Solution: if the crew is composed of 10 pirates in total, a proposal needs at least 5 votes to be accepted. We can assume Captain Jack Girão never votes against himself, meaning we only need to ensure 4 more votes. If we don't offer a single coin to a pirate he will vote against us, therefore we will need to spend some gold coins with the 4 pirates whose votes we want to guarantee. This means Captain Jack Girão will never be able to survive a proposal in which he keeps more than 26 gold coins; we will show that there is an accepted distribution where the Captain keeps 26 gold coins .

We will follow an inductive reasoning: we will see what happens when the crew is composed of 2 pirates, then what happens when we have 3 pirates, then 4, etcetera. To make the explanation easier, let us say that the pirates' names are, in descending order of experience, Captain Jack Girão, Abel, Bernard, Charles, Dickson, Esteban, Fabian, Gabe, Henry and Ian.
2 pirates (Captain Jack Girão and Abel): as there are only two pirates, one vote suffices to approve the proposal. Having said that, if Captain Jack Girão proposes the distribution (30,0) (30 coins for him and 0 for Abel), he can have his proposal approved regardless of the voting intention of Abel.
3 pirates (Captain Jack Girão, Abel and Bernard): we start by noting we will need two votes in favour, the one from Captain Jack Girão and another vote from another pirate. If Captain Jack Girão goes swimming with the sharks, only Abel and Bernard will be left on board, in which case Abel is able (no anagram was originally planned) to keep the 30 coins for himself. Being aware of this, Abel is going to vote against the proposal of Captain Jack Girão unless he proposes to give all coins to Abel. On the other hand, Bernard is also aware of that: if the Captain goes swimming with the sharks, Bernard will not be given a single gold coin as Abel will keep them all for himself. Equating all these reasonings together, we see that if Captain Jack Girão proposes the distribution (29,0,1) (29 for the Captain, none for Abel and 1 for Bernard) Bernard will vote in favour: if he votes against, he will lose the only gold coin he had been offered and that is something he does not want; after all, pirates love gold.
4 pirates (Captain Jack Girão, Abel, Bernard and Charles): we start by noting two votes in favour suffice to approve the proposal: the vote of the Captain and another vote from another pirate. Again, if the Captain goes swimming, Abel, Bernard and Charles will be the ones left, and any of the three know that the distribution to be proposed by Abel will be (_,29,0,1) (the Captain is swimming with the sharks, 29 coins stay with Abel, Bernard gets none and Charles gets 1) and that proposal is going to be accepted, as we saw in the previous paragraph. What the Captain should propose is (29,0,1,0). Both Abel and Charles will vote against, but Bernard will vote in favour otherwise he would be sending the Captain to go have a swim and then when the 3 pirates restart the meeting he will get no coins at all.

If we keep following this train of thought we see that the greediest distributions that get accepted are:

5 pirates: (28,0,1,0,1)
6 pirates: (28,0,1,0,1,0)
7 pirates: (27,0,1,0,1,0,1)
8 pirates: (27,0,1,0,1,0,1,0)
9 pirates: (26,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1)
10 pirates (the whole crew): if the Captain proposes (26,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0) then Bernard, Dickson, Fabian and Henry will vote in favour, as voting against would mean that the Captain would go swimming and then in the meeting with 9 pirates they would get no gold coins; but the votes in favour of Bernard, Dickson, Fabian and Henry are enough: if we also account for the vote of the Captain, we get 5 votes in favour of the distribution, meaning it gets accepted!

Summing it up, 26 was the maximum ammount of gold coins the Captain could hope for, as he would have to spend at least 4 of them. On the other hand, there is a distribution where he gets to keep 26 coins, thus the answer is 26.

Please leave any questions or thoughts below!

- RGS
Problem #09 - greedy pirates Problem #09 - greedy pirates Reviewed by Unknown on April 04, 2018 Rating: 5

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